MODERN PHILOSOPHY
Preliminary
Modern philosophy can not be understood with a vacuum condition, because no matter how pure philosophy and transendentalnya is generated from thinkers who lived in a certain age, with the condition of geo-socio-political, including the periodization of modern philosophy, if earlier in ancient Greek philosophy more oriented and concentrate on the nature or terms of cosmo-centric, in the Middle Ages is more to the deity or religion or by the terms theocentric, then in the days of modern philosophy and thinking more attention to the human figure, or with the terms antoposentris.
According to Budi Hardiman, a modern term derived from the Latin, namely moderna which means 'now', 'new' or 'present moment'. On the basis of this understanding we are biased to say that human beings always live in an age of 'modern', as far as present to consciousness. However, historians agree that the birth of the modern era in Europe was born around the 1500s.
Before the modern age is the age of scholasticism that is very thick at all with the dogmas of religion and divinity, so the role of human existence less and less visible, and prominent battering ram from the time of scholasticism was Rene Descartes, which became known as the father of modern philosophy, Descartes later emerged after more philosophical character named Baruch de Spinoza
Before the modern age is the age of scholasticism that is very thick at all with the dogmas of religion and divinity, so the role of human existence less and less visible, and prominent battering ram from the time of scholasticism was Rene Descartes, which became known as the father of modern philosophy, Descartes later emerged after more philosophical character named Baruch de Spinoza
Discussion
a. Rene Descartes
René Descartes was born in La Haye, France, March 31, 1596 and died in Stockholm, Sweden, February 11, 1650 at age 53 years), also known as Cartesian renatus in Latin literature, he was a French philosopher and mathematician. His work is most important is the Discours de la methode (1637) and Meditationes de prima philosophia (1641).
His book is the most important in pure philosophy is Discours de la Methode (1637) and Meditations (1642) these two books complement each other because in this book he poured a well-known methods, namely the method of doubt Descartes (Descartes doubt). The famous cogito ergo sum by the term (I beepikir therefore I am).
His book is the most important in pure philosophy is Discours de la Methode (1637) and Meditations (1642) these two books complement each other because in this book he poured a well-known methods, namely the method of doubt Descartes (Descartes doubt). The famous cogito ergo sum by the term (I beepikir therefore I am).
The main feature of his philosophy Rene Descartes was a profound and sustained reflection on the theme of awareness. Philosophers after Descartes also ultimately makes the theme of consciousness as a theme of their philosophical reflection. Based on research Budi Hardiman, Descartes gives a new method in the form of philosophizing, which he describes as a method of skepticism, or it could be called as methodical skepticism. The purpose of this method is to obtain assurance that basic and solid truth. This is the main purpose of philosophy by Descartes.
To get a basic certainty and truth of that solid, Descartes began by doubting everything. He doubted the certainty of the material objects around him, and even doubted the existence of his own. If all things in this world can be doubted, and whether that could be used as a sturdy handle? Descartes seems to at least one thing that can not be doubted, namely the fact that I'm dubious. So even though the whole world is the result of fraud, but the fact that I was doubting the whole world is not a scam. The essence of the attitude of doubt is to think, then think also is a fundamental certainty uncontested. It is clear that Descartes doubts are not delivered in a vacuum, but rather led to an irrefutable certainty. Skepticism Descartes can also be called as a constructive skepticism.
To get a basic certainty and truth of that solid, Descartes began by doubting everything. He doubted the certainty of the material objects around him, and even doubted the existence of his own. If all things in this world can be doubted, and whether that could be used as a sturdy handle? Descartes seems to at least one thing that can not be doubted, namely the fact that I'm dubious. So even though the whole world is the result of fraud, but the fact that I was doubting the whole world is not a scam. The essence of the attitude of doubt is to think, then think also is a fundamental certainty uncontested. It is clear that Descartes doubts are not delivered in a vacuum, but rather led to an irrefutable certainty. Skepticism Descartes can also be called as a constructive skepticism.
This way of thinking that more radical skeptics can be found in an English philosopher named David Hume. By reading the writings of Hume, one gets the impression, that he wanted to destroy philosophy. But according to Budi Hardiman, Hume is not the purpose of destroying the basic philosophy, but would complement the method of philosophy with a rigorous and systematic thinking. For that Hume's skepticism and then use the way of thinking. The main object of criticism of Hume is a traditional metaphysics. For him metaphysics is highly uncertain, and overestimate the ability of human reason. In this sense metaphysics is no longer merely an inquiry into the reality of using human reason, but has become similar to the myth and superstition.
The first, rationalist thinkers believe that the reality of it is a substance. This means that reality is a unity that is complete and absolute. The idea of unity that usually arise from the observations. So unity is the impression that emerges, when people began to observe something in detail. Because only based on an impression, then the entity, or substance, no more than a mere human delusion. The substance is a collection of mere perception. So the whole perception of reality is a collection (a bundle of Perceptions) a mere mortal.
b. Baruch de Spinoza
b. Baruch de Spinoza
Baruch de Spinoza (1632 - 1677) was the Jews who fled Spain to Amsterdam due to religious conflicts in sana.semula IOA is expected in the family expect to be a Rabbi. But he angered the Jewish community and family because at the age of 18 years Spinoza dubious scripture as the revelation of God, condemned the position of the Jewish priests, and mempertanyaakan position of the Jews as "chosen people of Yahweh" and the personal involvement of God in human history. Consequently in 1656 he was expelled by his family and the isolate by the community with a variety of insults and curses, among others, saying "let him be accursed (Spinoza) on the day and night, cursed as he lay down and woke up, cursed arrival and kepergianya; may Allah not will never be willing to forgive him and hopefully his wrath down upon this person ". not long after that, Spinoza suffered from tuberculosis. Because experiencing an attempted assassination by a Jewish fanatic.
One idea put forward by Spinoza in understanding the reality of the absolute is the substance of the Infinite or God. Spinoza's ideas in exposing the reality of the Absolute, he was much influenced by the rationalism of Descartes. However, the influence of Descartes that have shaped his thinking pattern, all is not well justified by Spinoza, especially in understanding the reality of a pure substance as the Absolute. In understanding the substance, Descartes saw that the substance of it is a reality that does not require anything else. In other words, Descartes saw God as a substance that does not need anything else to be. But, in addition to the reality of the Absolute Substance, Descartes received another substance in spite of the substance in question does not apply in Absolut but relative.
In connection with the substance of the proposed by Descartes, Spinoza saw that Descartes does not have an accurate commitment to define the substance itself, because in fact Descartes was still receiving a substance to another. This is where Spinoza did not agree with the ideas offered by Descartes. But, on the other hand, Spinoza accepted the idea offered by Descartes who said that the substance of it is something that does not need anything else, it means that the substance of it is a reality that is independent, autonomous, whole, one and single.
But, apart from God as substance. Spinoza also saw nature as a substance. In other words, in the view of Spinoza's God or Nature is a singular fact that a single unit. This understanding departs from an understanding of the distinction between substance which Spinoza called attributes and modi. Modi is a way of being of the attributes and indirectly is of substance. It is true that Spinoza recognizes there is only one substance, but in substance it contained the attributes (intrinsic properties) are infinite in number. However, intrinsic properties of the many that there are only two that can be known by man, namely breadth and thinking (extensio and cogitatio). In this case, Spinoza saw God as the breadth (Deus est res extensa) and thinking (Deus est res cogitans). Breadth and mind are two things that have the same substance. Spinoza was initiated in the doctrine of a single substance that is God or Nature (Deus Sive Natua). According to Spinoza, the reality of the Absolute that has properties that eternal, infinite, and single. So, from this understanding Spinoza saw that because God is the only substance, then everything that exists on earth or nature is from God. This is where Spinoza constantly immersed in a reflection about the relationship between God and humanity as a whole. Thus, for up to God, Spinoza says that there needs to be love. Love is the highest form of recognition to God. Through love, Spinoza saw that we can accept everything that exists in nature, and thus the man gave himself wholly to God as the absolute reality. Starting from here referred to as the philosopher Spinoza who drowned in the Lord.
Cover
In spite of it all, modern philosophy has services in the release of religious dogmas which have been monopolized by the church, and so the role of human existence can be seen, unlike the previous era that makes human beings as objects of intervention of the church.
REFERENCES
F. Budi Hardiman, FILSFAT MODERN: From Machiavelli to Nietzsche, (New York: Scholastic Press key: 2004), cet. I, p. 2
Prof. DR. Tafseer Ahmad, GENERAL PHILOSOPHY; mind and heart from Thales to Chapra, (London: PT Youth Rosadakarya; 2007), cet. XV, p.. 129
But, apart from God as substance. Spinoza also saw nature as a substance. In other words, in the view of Spinoza's God or Nature is a singular fact that a single unit. This understanding departs from an understanding of the distinction between substance which Spinoza called attributes and modi. Modi is a way of being of the attributes and indirectly is of substance. It is true that Spinoza recognizes there is only one substance, but in substance it contained the attributes (intrinsic properties) are infinite in number. However, intrinsic properties of the many that there are only two that can be known by man, namely breadth and thinking (extensio and cogitatio). In this case, Spinoza saw God as the breadth (Deus est res extensa) and thinking (Deus est res cogitans). Breadth and mind are two things that have the same substance. Spinoza was initiated in the doctrine of a single substance that is God or Nature (Deus Sive Natua). According to Spinoza, the reality of the Absolute that has properties that eternal, infinite, and single. So, from this understanding Spinoza saw that because God is the only substance, then everything that exists on earth or nature is from God. This is where Spinoza constantly immersed in a reflection about the relationship between God and humanity as a whole. Thus, for up to God, Spinoza says that there needs to be love. Love is the highest form of recognition to God. Through love, Spinoza saw that we can accept everything that exists in nature, and thus the man gave himself wholly to God as the absolute reality. Starting from here referred to as the philosopher Spinoza who drowned in the Lord.
Cover
In spite of it all, modern philosophy has services in the release of religious dogmas which have been monopolized by the church, and so the role of human existence can be seen, unlike the previous era that makes human beings as objects of intervention of the church.
REFERENCES
F. Budi Hardiman, FILSFAT MODERN: From Machiavelli to Nietzsche, (New York: Scholastic Press key: 2004), cet. I, p. 2
Prof. DR. Tafseer Ahmad, GENERAL PHILOSOPHY; mind and heart from Thales to Chapra, (London: PT Youth Rosadakarya; 2007), cet. XV, p.. 129
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